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The essential component of a pressure vessel that seals the ends of its cylindrical shell is known as Pressure Vessel Heads. These vital parts are commonly referred to by a variety of names such as Dish Ends, Formed Heads, End Closures, End Caps, Vessel Ends, or Vessel Caps. Among these, 'Dish Ends' is the most frequently used designation.
In the realm of pressure vessel fabrication, four fundamental types of dish ends are predominantly utilized.
Considered the simplest form among pressure vessel heads, Flat Heads are less favored due to their limited capacity to withstand pressure. This is attributed to their reduced radial section, resulting in greater stress concentrated on the flat area, making them less economical compared to other head types.
In Flat Heads, essential terms include Flat Head Inside Diameter (ID), Knuckle Radius (R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). A general drawing representation of Flat Heads is depicted above.
Ellipsoidal Heads are the most prevalently used in pressure vessels due to their extensive radial section, which allows superior pressure distribution and resilience. This preferred choice requires a dish end thickness, akin to the shell thickness, making it exceptionally economical. Typically configured as per the 2:1 Ellipsoidal Section, these heads are designed to offer maximum efficiency.
Key terms in 2:1 Ellipsoidal Heads include Inside Diameter (ID), Crown Radius (C.R), Knuckle Radius (K.R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). The general drawing for these heads is illustrated above. Despite requiring more time to form than Flat or Torispherical Heads, 2:1 Ellipsoidal Heads are renowned for their cost-effectiveness.
Widely utilized, these heads offer substantial radial sections for pressure distribution, though they support slightly less pressure than Ellipsoidal Heads. While less economical than Ellipsoidal, they are favored due to faster forming times.
For identical design parameters, the thickness of Torispherical Heads is typically 1.77 times the shell thickness under equivalent design pressure and temperature conditions.
In Torispherical Heads, crucial terms include Inside Diameter (ID), Crown Radius (C.R), Knuckle Radius (K.R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). Their general drawing is presented above.
Requiring less forming time than Ellipsoidal Heads, Torispherical Heads, also known as Flange and Dished Heads, are preferred for their simplicity and efficiency.
Hemispherical Heads, utilized in pressure vessel construction, boast the largest radial section, facilitating superior pressure distribution. For equivalent design conditions, the thickness of Hemi Heads is roughly half that of the shell thickness given the same pressure and temperature.
Despite being the most economical due to their extensive pressure distribution capacity, Hemispherical Heads require the most time to form compared to other head types.
In the world of Hemi Heads, some key terms you'll frequently encounter include Inside Diameter (ID), Crown Radius (R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). The selection of these Dish Ends is crucial and is determined by specific design conditions and their suitability for use in pressure vessel heads.
Pressure vessel fabrication involves four fundamental types of dish ends, each meticulously calculated based on standard relationships with their inside diameter. From a fabrication standpoint, it is essential to compute various parameters. These parameters include Dish End Terms, Blank Diameter, Weight, Surface Area, and Volume. Accurate calculations are vital for the effective fabrication and performance of Dish Ends.
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