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Pressure Vessel Heads are pivotal components that seal the ends of the cylindrical section or shell of a pressure vessel. These essential components are known by various names such as Dish Ends, Formed Heads, End Closures, End Caps, Vessel Ends, and Vessel Caps, with 'Dish ends' being the most commonly used term.
There are four fundamental types of pressure vessel heads, or Dish Ends, predominantly utilized in the fabrication of Pressure Vessels.
Flat Heads are the most straightforward form of pressure vessel heads, but they are less favored due to their limited pressure capacity. The lower radial section available for pressure distribution results in maximum stress on the flat section, making them less economical compared to other head types.
In the realm of Flat Heads, common terms include Flat Head Inside Diameter (ID), Knuckle Radius (R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). A general drawing representation is provided above.
Ellipsoidal Heads are the most popular choice for pressure vessels due to their superior pressure distribution capabilities. With a radial section that allows maximum pressure endurance, they are favored for their economical design; their thickness is roughly equal to the shell thickness under equivalent conditions. The typical configuration is a 2:1 Ellipsoidal Section.
Key terms for 2:1 Ellipsoidal Heads include Inside Diameter (ID), Crown Radius (C.R), Knuckle Radius (K.R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). Although they require more forming time compared to Flat and Torispherical Heads, they remain the most cost-effective choice.
Torispherical Heads are another widely preferred type, offering ample radial section for pressure distribution. They withstand significant pressure, albeit slightly less than Ellipsoidal Heads, but are favored for their reduced forming time.
Under similar design conditions, Torispherical Head thickness is approximately 1.77 times the shell thickness for equivalent pressure and temperature.
Key terms for Torispherical Heads include Inside Diameter (ID), Crown Radius (C.R), Knuckle Radius (K.R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). A general drawing representation is provided above.
Due to their simplicity, Torispherical Heads require less forming time than Ellipsoidal Heads, also known as Flange and Dished Heads.
Hemispherical Heads are utilized in pressure vessel construction, offering the largest radial section and pressure distribution area. This allows for a head thickness approximately half that of the shell for the same pressure and temperature, making them exceptionally economical.
Despite being the most economical type of head, Hemispherical Heads demand the maximum forming time.
In the realm of Hemi Heads, familiarize yourself with essential terminologies like Inside Diameter (ID), Crown Radius (R), Dish end Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). The selection of Dish Ends is intricately tied to design conditions and their suitability for Pressure Vessels Heads, ensuring optimal performance and safety.
These four fundamental types of Dish ends are integral to the fabrication of Pressure Vessels. Calculations are paramount, employing standard relationships with the inside diameter. From a fabrication standpoint, it is crucial to determine a variety of metrics. These include Dish End Terms, Blank Diameter, Weight, Surface Area, and Volume Calculations, all of which are indispensable in the production of Dish Ends.
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