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Pressure Vessels Heads are integral components of pressure vessels, serving as the closures at the ends of the vessel's cylindrical shell. These heads are also known by various other names, such as Dish Ends, Formed Heads, End Closure, End Caps, Vessel Ends, and Vessel Caps. However, the most commonly used term is Dish Ends.
Pressure vessels heads, or Dish Ends, are essential in the fabrication of pressure vessels and are available in four fundamental types.
Flat Heads are the most straightforward form of pressure vessel heads. However, they are less commonly used due to their limited ability to withstand pressure. Their lower radial section results in greater pressure exposure on the flat area, making them less economical compared to other head types.
Key terms associated with Flat Heads include Flat Head Inside Diameter (ID), Knuckle Radius (R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). The general drawing representation of Flat Heads is detailed in the diagram above.
Ellipsoidal Heads are the most prevalent type of Pressure Vessel Heads, recognized for their broad radial section that facilitates excellent pressure distribution. Offering superior pressure resistance, they are preferred over other head types. Under similar design conditions, the dish end thickness of ellipsoidal heads is roughly equivalent to shell thickness, making them the most cost-effective option. Typically, the 2:1 Ellipsoidal Section is the standard configuration.
Essential terms for 2:1 Ellipsoidal Heads include Inside Diameter (ID), Crown Radius (C.R), Knuckle Radius (K.R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). The detailed diagram above illustrates the general drawing representation. While forming these heads takes longer than Flat and Torispherical Heads, they remain the most economical choice.
Torispherical Heads are another popular choice, providing ample radial section for efficient pressure distribution. While they offer less pressure resistance than Ellipsoidal Heads, they are favored for their reduced forming time, making them slightly less economical but still widely used.
For the same design conditions, the thickness of Torispherical Heads is approximately 1.77 times the shell thickness, considering identical design pressure and temperature.
Key terms for Torispherical Heads include Inside Diameter (ID), Crown Radius (C.R), Knuckle Radius (K.R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). Refer to the above diagram for general drawing representation.
Due to their simplicity, Torispherical Heads require less forming time compared to Ellipsoidal Heads, making them a preferred choice. They are also known as Flange and Dished Heads.
Hemispherical Heads are utilized in pressure vessel fabrication, providing the maximum radial section for pressure distribution. This results in an expansive pressure distribution area. Consequently, under identical design conditions, the thickness of Hemi Heads is nearly half that of the shell thickness for the same pressure and temperature.
Although the most economical of all head types, Hemispherical Heads require the longest forming time.
In the world of Hemi Heads, several key terms define their functionality: Inside Diameter (ID), Crown Radius (R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). Selecting the right dish ends hinges on understanding design conditions and their critical role in pressure vessel head applications.
These are the four essential types of dish ends used in the precise fabrication of pressure vessels. The majority of dish end specifications are calculated through established standard relationships with their inside diameter. From a fabrication perspective, various calculations are vital, including dish end terms, blank diameter, weight, surface area, and volume. Mastery of these calculations ensures the excellence and accuracy required in dish end fabrication.
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