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Pressure Vessel Heads are pivotal components that cap off the cylindrical shell of pressure vessels. These essential elements are also known by various terms such as Dish Ends, Formed Heads, End Closures, End Caps, Vessel Ends, and Vessel Caps, with 'Dish Ends' being the most prevalent name used in the industry.
Four fundamental types of pressure vessel heads—commonly referred to as Dish Ends—dominate the fabrication of pressure vessels, each serving a unique purpose in various applications.
Flat Heads are the simplest among pressure vessel heads, yet they offer limited utility due to their lower pressure-bearing capacity compared to other types. Their design results in maximum stress on the flat section, making them less economical and thus less favored.
Key terms associated with Flat Heads include Flat Head Inside Diameter (ID), Knuckle Radius (R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). Refer to the above illustration for a general drawing representation of Flat Heads.
Ellipsoidal Heads are a favored choice in pressure vessel applications, renowned for their extensive radial section that optimizes pressure distribution. These heads are preferred for their superior pressure resilience and economic efficiency, with the typical 2:1 Ellipsoidal Section design aligning head thickness with shell thickness, maximizing structural economy.
Essential terms for 2:1 Ellipsoidal Heads include Inside Diameter (ID), Crown Radius (C.R), Knuckle Radius (K.R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). The diagram above illustrates the general structure of 2:1 Ellipsoidal Heads, known for their economic advantage, despite requiring more forming time than Flat and Torispherical Heads.
These heads are equally popular, providing ample radial section for pressure distribution, albeit slightly less than Ellipsoidal Heads. Torispherical Heads are slightly less economical but are preferred for their quicker forming time compared to Ellipsoidal Heads.
For identical design conditions, the thickness of Torispherical Heads is approximately 1.77 times that of the shell, accommodating the same design pressure and temperature.
Key terms for Torispherical Heads include Inside Diameter (ID), Crown Radius (C.R), Knuckle Radius (K.R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). The illustration above depicts a general Torispherical Head design.
Torispherical Heads are favored for their simplicity and reduced forming time compared to Ellipsoidal Heads. Also known as Flange and Dished Heads, they remain a preferred choice in many applications.
Hemispherical Heads are integral to pressure vessel construction, known for their maximal radial section, enabling superior pressure distribution. Notably, for the same design conditions, the thickness of Hemispherical Heads can be about half that of the shell, making them highly economical despite their longer forming time.
As the most economical option, Hemispherical Heads offer unbeatable value, though they require the most forming time among head types.
When it comes to Hemi Heads, the terminology commonly includes Inside Diameter (ID), Crown Radius (R), Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). The selection of Dish Ends is crucial, as it hinges on specific design conditions and their suitability for use in pressure vessel applications. Each parameter is meticulously considered to ensure optimal performance.
These are the four fundamental types of dish ends that are indispensable in the fabrication of pressure vessels. The majority of dish end dimensions are derived through standard calculations based on their inside diameter. From a fabrication standpoint, it is imperative to compute various elements, including dish end terms, blank diameter, weight, surface area, and volume. These calculations are essential to the successful manufacturing of dish ends.
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