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Pressure Vessel Heads are critical components that seal the ends of a pressure vessel's cylindrical shell. Known by various names such as Dish Ends, Formed Heads, End Closures, End Caps, Vessel Ends, and Vessel Caps, they are most commonly referred to as Dish ends.
There are four fundamental types of pressure vessel heads, with Dish ends being the most commonly utilized in vessel fabrication.
Flat Heads represent the most basic form of pressure vessel heads. However, they are less favored due to their lower pressure capacity. The limited radial section for pressure distribution increases stress on the flat part, making them less economical and rarely preferred.
Key terms related to Flat Heads include Flat Head Inside Diameter (ID), Knuckle Radius (R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). Refer to the above drawing for a general representation of Flat Heads.
Ellipsoidal Heads are the most popular choice for pressure vessel applications. Their extensive radial section allows for superior pressure distribution, making them the preferred option. The dish end thickness often matches the shell's thickness, enhancing economic viability. Typically, the 2:1 Ellipsoidal Section configuration is employed.
Key terms for 2:1 Ellipsoidal Heads encompass Inside Diameter (ID), Crown Radius (C.R), Knuckle Radius (K.R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). The general drawing above illustrates the 2:1 Ellipsoidal Head. Although forming takes longer than Flat Heads and Torispherical Heads, these remain the most cost-effective choice.
Torispherical Heads are widely used due to their substantial radial section for pressure distribution, although they withstand slightly less pressure than Ellipsoidal Heads, making them a bit less economical. They are popular because they require less forming time.
For identical design conditions, Torispherical Heads have a thickness nearly 1.77 times that of the shell for the same pressure and temperature.
Terms commonly associated with Torispherical Heads include Inside Diameter (ID), Crown Radius (C.R), Knuckle Radius (K.R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). Refer to the illustration above for a general representation.
Torispherical Heads are favored for their ease of formation compared to Ellipsoidal Heads, contributing to their popularity. They are also known as Flange and Dished Heads.
Hemispherical Heads are another essential type used in pressure vessel fabrication. They offer the largest radial section among all head types, providing extensive pressure distribution. For the same design conditions, their thickness is about half of the shell thickness.
These heads are the most economical option, though they require the longest forming time.
In the fascinating realm of Hemi Heads, a few vital terms reign supreme: Inside Diameter (ID), Crown Radius (R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). Each selection of Dish Ends is intricately tied to the design conditions and the specific applicability of Pressure Vessels Heads, ensuring optimal performance in every application.
In the world of Pressure Vessels Fabrication, four fundamental types of Dish ends stand dominant. These crucial components are typically defined by their inside diameter, calculated through established standard relationships. From a fabrication perspective, a multitude of terms must be meticulously calculated. These include Dish End Terms, Blank Diameter, Weight, Surface Area, and Volume Calculations, all essential in the precise creation and fabrication of Dish Ends.
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