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Pressure Vessels Heads are crucial components that seal the ends of the cylindrical shell of a pressure vessel, ensuring its functionality and safety. Commonly known as Dish Ends, these heads are also referred to by various names such as Formed Heads, End Closure, End Caps, Vessel Ends, and Vessel Caps. However, the most popular term remains 'Dish Ends.'
There are four principal types of pressure vessel heads, with Dish Ends being the most prevalent in pressure vessel fabrication.
Flat Heads represent the simplest form of pressure vessel heads but are less favored due to their limited capacity to withstand pressure. This is attributed to the lower radial section available for pressure distribution, leading to maximum stress on the flat section, making them economically inefficient.
In Flat Heads, commonly used terms include Inside Diameter (ID), Knuckle Radius (R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). The general drawing representation of flat heads is shown in the above illustration.
Ellipsoidal Heads are the most favored pressure vessel heads due to their extensive radial section that efficiently distributes pressure, allowing them to withstand greater pressures compared to other types. Their design ensures that the thickness of the dish end approximates the shell's thickness, enhancing their economic value. Typically, the 2:1 Ellipsoidal Section is the preferred configuration.
The 2:1 Ellipsoidal Heads are characterized by terms such as Inside Diameter (ID), Crown Radius (C.R), Knuckle Radius (K.R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). Their general drawing is depicted above. Although they require more forming time than Flat and Torispherical Heads, they are considered the most economical among pressure vessel heads.
Torispherical Heads are widely used due to their ability to distribute pressure efficiently, though slightly less than ellipsoidal heads. They require less forming time, making them less costly, contributing to their popularity.
For the same design conditions, Torispherical Heads have a thickness approximately 1.77 times that of the shell thickness, under identical design pressure and temperature.
Within Torispherical Heads, commonly used terms include Inside Diameter (ID), Crown Radius (C.R), Knuckle Radius (K.R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). Their typical drawing representation is shown above.
Due to their easier forming process compared to ellipsoidal heads, Torispherical Heads, also known as Flange and Dished Heads, are often preferred for their simplicity.
Hemispherical Heads are utilized in pressure vessel fabrication for their superior radial section, offering an unparalleled area for pressure distribution. This design allows their thickness to be approximately half that of the shell for the same pressure and temperature conditions.
Despite being the most economical due to their efficiency, Hemispherical Heads require the longest forming time among all types of heads.
When discussing Hemi Heads, you'll often encounter key terms such as Inside Diameter (ID), Crown Radius (R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). The selection of Dish Ends is greatly influenced by design conditions and their suitability for various pressure vessel applications.
Dish ends are pivotal components in the fabrication of pressure vessels, and there are four fundamental types utilized for this purpose. Calculations for these dish end terms are guided by standard relationships relative to their inside diameter. From a fabrication standpoint, it is essential to compute various parameters, including Dish End Terms, Blank Diameter, Weight, Surface Area, and Volume. These calculations are critical to the successful fabrication of Dish Ends.
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