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Pressure Vessel Heads are critical components that seal the ends of the cylindrical sections or shells of pressure vessels. Known by various names such as Dish Ends, Formed Heads, End Closures, End Caps, and Vessel Ends, the most prevalent term is Dish Ends. These heads are paramount in ensuring safety and integrity under pressure.
In the fabrication of Pressure Vessels, four fundamental types of Pressure Vessel Heads, commonly referred to as Dish Ends, are extensively employed.
Flat Heads represent the simplest form of pressure vessel heads. However, their application is limited due to a lower capacity for withstanding pressure compared to other head types. The reduced radial section available for pressure distribution means that the maximum load is concentrated on the flat section, rendering them less economical.
Key parameters for Flat Heads include Flat Head Inside Diameter (ID), Knuckle Radius (R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). The general drawing representation of Flat Heads is illustrated above.
Ellipsoidal Heads are the most widely used Pressure Vessel Heads, providing a broader radial section for pressure distribution and higher pressure endurance than other types. Preferred for their efficiency, they boast a dish end thickness nearly equal to the shell thickness under similar conditions, making them the most economical choice. The standard configuration is the 2:1 Ellipsoidal Section.
Essential terms associated with 2:1 Ellipsoidal Heads include Inside Diameter (ID), Crown Radius (C.R), Knuckle Radius (K.R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). The detailed drawing representation of these heads is shown above. Despite requiring more forming time than Flat and Torispherical Heads, they remain the most cost-effective option.
These heads are another popular choice, offering ample radial section for pressure distribution, albeit less than Ellipsoidal Heads. While they are slightly less economical, they are favored for their reduced forming time compared to Ellipsoidal Heads.
For identical design conditions, the thickness of Torispherical Heads is approximately 1.77 times that of the shell for the same design pressure and temperature.
Terms commonly used in Torispherical Heads include Inside Diameter (ID), Crown Radius (C.R), Knuckle Radius (K.R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). The general drawing representation of these heads is displayed above.
Due to their simpler form, Torispherical Heads require less forming time than Ellipsoidal Heads, making them a preferred choice. They are also known as Flange and Dished Heads.
Hemispherical Heads are utilized in pressure vessel fabrication and offer the maximum radial section among head types, providing an extensive pressure distribution area. For identical design conditions, the thickness of Hemi Heads is roughly half that of the shell for the same pressure and temperature.
Although the most economical of the head types, Hemispherical Heads require the maximum forming time.
The world of Hemi Heads revolves around essential terms such as Inside Diameter (ID), Crown Radius (R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). The selection of Dish Ends is a crucial decision, hinging on the design conditions and the unique applicability of pressure vessel heads.
In the realm of pressure vessel fabrication, four fundamental types of dish ends reign supreme. The terminology associated with these dish ends predominantly relies on established relationships with their inside diameter. From a fabrication standpoint, it's imperative to calculate an array of terms. These calculations encompass Dish End Terms, Blank Diameter, Weight, Surface Area, and Volume, all of which are indispensable in the fabrication of Dish Ends.
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