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At the heart of any pressure vessel, the component that seals the ends of its cylindrical body is known as the Pressure Vessel Head. While commonly referred to as Dish Ends, they also go by names such as Formed Heads, End Closures, End Caps, Vessel Ends, and Vessel Caps. However, 'Dish Ends' remains the most recognized name.
In the realm of pressure vessel fabrication, four principal types of Dish Ends stand out for their extensive use.
Known for its simple design, the Flat Head may not be the preferred choice among pressure vessel heads due to its limited pressure tolerance. With a reduced radial section for pressure distribution, the flat section bears the maximum exposure, making it less economical and efficient compared to other head types.
Terms commonly associated with Flat Heads include Flat Head Inside Diameter (ID), Knuckle Radius (R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). The illustration above provides a general drawing representation of Flat Heads.
Widely acclaimed in pressure vessel construction, Ellipsoidal Heads offer a broader radial section for effective pressure distribution, making them highly preferred for maximum pressure endurance. With the dish end thickness closely matching the shell thickness under similar design conditions, these heads are economically advantageous. The 2:1 Ellipsoidal Section is the most commonly used configuration.
In 2:1 Ellipsoidal Heads, key terms include Inside Diameter (ID), Crown Radius (C.R), Knuckle Radius (K.R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). Though forming time exceeds that of Flat and Torispherical Heads, Ellipsoidal Heads are celebrated for their economic efficiency. The diagram above offers a general representation.
Torispherical Heads are also prominently used, offering substantial radial sections for pressure distribution. While not as economical as Ellipsoidal Heads due to slightly lower pressure tolerance, their reduced forming time often makes them a practical choice.
For equivalent design conditions, the thickness of Torispherical Heads measures nearly 1.77 times the shell thickness, maintaining integrity under the same pressure and temperature.
Key terms for Torispherical Heads include Inside Diameter (ID), Crown Radius (C.R), Knuckle Radius (K.R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). Their general drawing is depicted above.
With simpler formation processes compared to Ellipsoidal Heads, Torispherical Heads—also known as Flange and Dished Heads—are often favored for their efficiency.
In pressure vessel fabrication, the Hemispherical Head provides the maximum radial section for pressure distribution, affording it the highest pressure endurance among head types. For identical design conditions, its thickness is about half that of the shell, making it a cost-effective option.
Though requiring more time to form, Hemispherical Heads remain the most economical choice due to their superior pressure distribution capabilities.
In the realm of Hemi Heads, several key terms take precedence: Inside Diameter (ID), Crown Radius (R), Total Height of the Dish End (H), and the Straight Face (SF). The selection of Dish Ends is crucial as it hinges on the design conditions and their suitability for Pressure Vessels Heads.
There are four fundamental types of Dish Ends commonly utilized in the fabrication of Pressure Vessels. To ensure precision, most Dish End calculations employ standard relationships with the inside diameter. From a fabrication perspective, various terms must be meticulously calculated, including Dish End specifics, Blank Diameter, Weight, Surface Area, and Volume. These calculations are vital for the adept fabrication of Dish Ends.
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