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The pressure vessels heads are crucial components of a pressure vessel, closing the ends of the cylindrical section or shell. Known by many names like Dish Ends, Formed Heads, End Closure, End Caps, Vessel Ends, and Vessel Caps, the most commonly used term is Dish Ends.
In the realm of pressure vessels, four fundamental types of heads or Dish Ends are predominantly utilized in their fabrication.
Flat Heads represent the most straightforward form of pressure vessel heads but offer limited effectiveness. These are not as favored due to their lower capacity for withstanding pressure, attributable to the smaller radial section's capacity for pressure distribution. Consequently, the flat section bears maximum exposure, making it less economical.
The Flat Head utilizes terms such as Inside Diameter (ID), Knuckle Radius (R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). A general drawing of Flat Heads is depicted in the above illustration.
Ellipsoidal Heads stand out as the most widely used pressure vessel heads, offering a broader radial section for pressure distribution. These heads withstand greater pressure than others, making them highly preferred and economical. Typically, the dish end thickness is comparable to the shell thickness, especially in the 2:1 Ellipsoidal Section configuration.
In the 2:1 Ellipsoidal Heads, terms like Inside Diameter (ID), Crown Radius (C.R), Knuckle Radius (K.R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF) are frequently used. The general drawing is shown above. These heads take more time to form than Flat and Torispherical Heads, yet remain the most cost-effective.
Widely utilized, Torispherical Heads offer substantial radial sections for pressure distribution, achieving maximum pressure endurance, albeit less than Ellipsoidal Heads. Though less economical than Ellipsoidal Heads, they are popular due to quicker forming times.
For similar design conditions, Torispherical Head thickness is about 1.77 times the Shell Thickness, suitable for the same Design Pressure and Temperature.
Inside Diameter (ID), Crown Radius (C.R), Knuckle Radius (K.R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF) are commonly referenced in Torispherical Heads. Their general drawing is depicted above.
Favored for their simplicity, Torispherical Heads, also known as Flange and Dished Heads, require less forming time than Ellipsoidal Heads.
Hemispherical Heads are integral to pressure vessel fabrication, providing the maximum radial section and pressure distribution area among head types. For the same design conditions, their thickness is approximately half that of the shell, accommodating equivalent pressure and temperature.
Among various types of Heads available, this particular kind stands out for its economic advantage. However, it does demand the longest time to form, making it the most time-consuming option.
In the realm of Hemi Heads, several key measurements are central: Inside Diameter (ID), Crown Radius (R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). Selecting the right Dish Ends hinges on the Design Conditions and the specific requirements of Pressure Vessels Heads, ensuring optimal function and safety.
These are the four fundamental types of Dish Ends utilized in Pressure Vessel Fabrication. Calculating Dish End Terms, Blank Diameter, Weight, Surface Area, and Volume is essential. These measurements are typically derived from standard relationships with the inside diameter, providing a fundamental framework for accurate fabrication.
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