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Pressure Vessel Heads are the essential components that seal the ends of a pressure vessel's cylindrical shell. Known by many names such as Dish Ends, Formed Heads, End Closure, End Caps, Vessel Ends, and Vessel Caps, the most widespread term is 'Dish Ends.' These heads are vital for maintaining the integrity and pressure within the vessel.
In the fabrication of Pressure Vessels, four fundamental and widely utilized types of pressure vessel heads or Dish Ends are dominant.
The Flat Head is the most basic form of pressure vessel head, yet it is less favored due to its limited pressure withstand capability. With a smaller radial section for pressure distribution, it experiences maximum exposure on the flat section, rendering it less economical compared to other head types.
Key terms associated with Flat Heads include Flat Head Inside Diameter (ID), Knuckle Radius (R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). Refer to the above drawing for a general representation of Flat Heads.
Regarded as the most prevalent Pressure Vessel Head, Ellipsoidal Heads offer an extensive radial section for superior pressure distribution, making them the preferred choice. They are notably economical, as their dish end thickness is approximately equal to the shell thickness under similar design conditions. The most common configuration is the 2:1 Ellipsoidal Section.
Important terms related to 2:1 Ellipsoidal Heads comprise of Inside Diameter (ID), Crown Radius (C.R), Knuckle Radius (K.R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). Refer to the above drawing for a general representation. Notably, these heads require more forming time than Flat and Torispherical Heads, yet they remain the most cost-effective choice.
Widely used, these heads provide a substantial radial section for pressure distribution, enduring high pressures albeit less than Ellipsoidal Heads. While slightly less economical, they are favored for their reduced forming time compared to Ellipsoidal Heads.
For identical design conditions, the thickness of Torispherical Heads is nearly 1.77 times that of the Shell Thickness, given the same Design Pressure and Temperature.
Key terms for Torispherical Heads include Inside Diameter (ID), Crown Radius (C.R), Knuckle Radius (K.R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF), with a general drawing shown above.
Due to their ease of formation, taking less time than Ellipsoidal Heads, Torispherical Heads are highly preferred. Also known as Flange and Dished Heads, they are synonymous with simplicity and efficiency.
Utilized in pressure vessel fabrication, these heads boast the largest radial section available, enhancing pressure distribution. Consequently, Hemispherical Heads have a thickness approximately half that of the shell for the same design pressure and temperature, making them highly economical.
Though the most economical head type due to their extensive pressure distribution area, Hemispherical Heads demand the longest forming time.
In the realm of Hemi Heads, some essential terms are commonly used: Inside Diameter (ID), Crown Radius (R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). The selection of Dish Ends is contingent upon design conditions, as well as their suitability for use in pressure vessel heads.
There are four fundamental types of dish ends utilized in the fabrication of pressure vessels. Most terms related to dish ends are derived using standard relationships with their inside diameter. From a fabrication perspective, it is crucial to calculate various terms, including dish end parameters, blank diameter, weight, surface area, and volume. These calculations are indispensable in the fabrication of dish ends.
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