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Pressure Vessel Heads are the essential components that seal the ends of a pressure vessel's cylindrical shell. These pivotal elements, often referred to by various names such as Dish Ends, Formed Heads, End Closures, End Caps, Vessel Ends, and Vessel Caps, are most commonly known as Dish Ends.
There exist four fundamental types of Pressure Vessel Heads or Dish Ends, predominantly utilized in the fabrication of Pressure Vessels.
Flat Heads are the simplest form of Pressure Vessel Heads. However, due to their limited pressure-bearing capacity, they are less favored than other types. Their reduced radial section available for pressure distribution results in maximum stress on the flat section, making them less economical for extensive pressure applications.
Key terms associated with Flat Heads include Flat Head Inside Diameter (ID), Knuckle Radius (R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). The general drawing representation of Flat Heads is illustrated in the diagram above.
Ellipsoidal Heads are the most prevalent choice in Pressure Vessel Heads, prized for their extensive radial section that optimally distributes pressure, making them the preferred option. With the same design conditions, the thickness of ellipsoidal heads is nearly equivalent to shell thickness, enhancing their economic appeal. The widely adopted configuration for Ellipsoidal Heads follows a 2:1 Ellipsoidal Section.
Commonly used parameters for 2:1 Ellipsoidal Heads include Inside Diameter (ID), Crown Radius (C.R), Knuckle Radius (K.R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). A general drawing of 2:1 Ellipsoidal Heads is presented in the diagram above. Despite requiring more forming time than Flat and Torispherical Heads, they remain the most cost-effective choice for Pressure Vessel Heads.
Torispherical Heads are a popular choice, offering substantial radial sections for pressure distribution, capable of withstanding significant pressure, albeit slightly less than Ellipsoidal Heads. While they may be less economical than Ellipsoidal Heads, they are favored for their reduced forming time.
For equivalent design conditions, the thickness of Torispherical Heads is nearly 1.77 times the shell thickness, given the same Design Pressure and Temperature.
Key terms for Torispherical Heads include Inside Diameter (ID), Crown Radius (C.R), Knuckle Radius (K.R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). The general representation of a Torispherical Head is depicted in the drawing above.
Due to their simpler design, Torispherical Heads require less forming time than Ellipsoidal Heads, making them a preferred choice in many applications. These heads are also known as Flange and Dished Heads.
Hemispherical Heads, with their vast radial sections, provide the maximum area for pressure distribution among all head types. This feature allows for a head thickness approximately half that of the shell thickness under similar design pressure and temperature conditions.
While Hemispherical Heads are the most economical option regarding pressure distribution, they require the most time to form, balancing their cost-effectiveness with production time considerations.
In the realm of Hemi Heads, several key terms are frequently used: Inside Diameter (ID), Crown Radius (R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). The selection of Dish Ends is intrinsically tied to design specifications and the suitability for pressure vessel heads.
These are the four fundamental types of dish ends employed in the fabrication of pressure vessels. The majority of dish end terms are derived using established relationships with their inside diameter. From a fabrication perspective, various parameters must be calculated. These include dish end terms, blank diameter, weight, surface area, and volume calculations which are essential for the fabrication of dish ends.
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