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The primary and crucial component of a pressure vessel that serves to seal the ends of the cylindrical section or shell is known as the Pressure Vessel Head. These are also widely recognized under various names such as Dish Ends, Formed Heads, End Closure, End Caps, Vessel Ends, and Vessel Caps. However, the term 'Dish Ends' is the most frequently used.
There are four fundamental types of pressure vessel heads, with Dish Ends being the most prevalent choice in pressure vessel fabrication.
Flat Heads represent the simplest form of pressure vessel heads, yet they are less frequently employed due to their limited pressure-bearing capacity. The design's lower radial section for pressure distribution results in maximum exposure on the flat section, making it less economical and not as preferred as other types.
Key terms associated with Flat Heads include Flat Head Inside Diameter (ID), Knuckle Radius (R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). The general representation of Flat Heads is depicted in the drawing above.
Ellipsoidal Heads are the most widely utilized pressure vessel heads, offering a broader radial section for even pressure distribution, thus enduring greater pressure. They are the preferred choice due to their economic advantage, as the Dish End Thickness is approximately equal to the shell thickness under the same design conditions. Commonly configured as per the 2:1 Ellipsoidal Section, these heads are considered most economical.
In 2:1 Ellipsoidal Heads, frequently used terms include Inside Diameter (ID), Crown Radius (C.R), Knuckle Radius (K.R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). The typical representation can be seen in the drawing above. Although forming ellipsoidal heads requires more time than Flat and Torispherical Heads, they remain the most cost-effective choice for pressure vessel heads.
Widely used as well, Torispherical Heads provide a substantial radial section for pressure distribution, bearing significant pressure but slightly less than Ellipsoidal Heads. While not as economical as Ellipsoidal Heads, they are highly favored due to requiring less forming time.
For similar design conditions, Torispherical Head Thickness is roughly 1.77 times the shell thickness for equivalent design pressure and temperature.
Common terms for Torispherical Heads include Inside Diameter (ID), Crown Radius (C.R), Knuckle Radius (K.R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). The general drawing representation is available above.
Requiring less forming time than Ellipsoidal heads, Torispherical Heads are favored due to their simplicity. They are also referred to as Flange and Dished Heads.
Utilized in the fabrication of pressure vessels, Hemispherical Heads offer the maximum radial section for pressure distribution, surpassing other head types. Consequently, for identical design conditions, the thickness of Hemispherical Heads is nearly half that of the shell thickness, given equivalent pressure and temperature.
This characteristic makes them the most economical choice among head types, despite the extended time required for forming.
In the realm of Hemispherical Heads, several key terms are essential for understanding and application: Inside Diameter (ID), Crown Radius (R), Dish End Total Height (H), and Straight Face (SF). The selection of Dish Ends hinges on specific design conditions and the suitability for their intended use in pressure vessels heads.
These are the four fundamental types of dish ends utilized in pressure vessel fabrication. The terminology associated with dish ends is derived from standardized relationships with the inside diameter. From a fabrication perspective, a thorough calculation of various aspects is crucial. These include Dish End Terms, Blank Diameter, Weight, Surface Area, and Volume Calculations, all of which are vital in the precise fabrication of dish ends.
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